The Rise and Fall of Pioneer Bus.

Over 20 years back, Uganda government got compensation from its neighbor Kenya for the EAC assets. Uganda lost when the EAC broke up in 1977. The present Kenya airways with all the routes were the famous East African airways. There were many other such assets which Uganda lost as a result of the breakup. As good neighbors, Kenya agreed to compensate Uganda. You know Uganda is Kenya’s largest market. Kenya gets edgy if Uganda gets angry. But it is never worried because there is nothing Uganda can do for the time being to out compete Kenya. Uganda got over 100 buses and they were given to people’s transport, the Jinja based Government Company and Ugandan Support Company and the Kampala based company. After a few years, the buses were no longer on the road and the companies wound up. Nobody knows why but it could be attributed to government, management or market failure. I suppose it was a management problem. The problem with all parastatals in Kampala and government enterprises is management failure. There is the story pioneer bus launching a bus company with about 100 buses mass transport market. All I know about pioneer is what I have read in press but I gather they got a loan of USD 10m to import 100buses. The costs consisted of an estimate of USD 5.5 million including freight. When the buses arrived they were Godsent, UTODA was about to strike and this private company and government want on to solve problems allowing them to operate before paying taxes on the buses and without number plates( government failure). In less than a year, pioneer was dead. They had failed to pay (management failure) the original tax when they imported the buses to the URA despite the easy payment plan that government negotiated for them (government failure). The stories you hear are that there was no system of managing the finances. I am not sure whether this was correct but if they collected the money and failed to pay it, then it would be correct. The other stories were about who was managing, influence of relatives and at the end of the day the company had to collapse. Questions. If this investment was owned by government, would it have survived? If this investment was owned by some Indian or Chinese investor, would it have survived? What would be the survival tactics? Why are Ugandan owned businesses failing to succeed?

Luneburg, the City

I am in Luneburg Germany, one of the small cities near Hamburg in Germany. Hamburg is the second biggest port in Europe after Rotterdam. Rotterdam is bigger just because of its location. Hamburg for years was Germany's port that served its economic juggernaut from the early times to date. Whenever I have visited Germany, I have never been worried about the quality of anything possibly because they now do some imports. You may be worried that their quality may not be excellent but that's not true. They have control systems that enable them deliver literally high quality goods and services throughout the country. Germany is known for everything good and the Germany bashers always deride them just because they are very good at delivering high quality goods and services and therefore would out compete them. Germans are known for their clockwork system of doing things including keeping the time itself. Reading one of the manuals for international students, those coming to study in Germany are told about the importance of time keeping to Germans and its true worldwide their trains, buses leave and arrive on time. How they do that, that their culture. One of the things that you find in many of these developed countries is the fact that their development did not start 100 years ago. Their development is hundreds of years and it involved taming or nurturing the environment they are in, exploiting those opportunities all for their benefit. Today in the West, many people work four days a week, they use machines to clean the house, to wash dishes, wash cloths and now with the smart phones and advances in technology, they have all the information they need both held in their hands and at the touch of the screen. The story of Germany is something to learn from. Britain conquered the world and went everywhere establishing colonies everywhere and sold to these markets including huge markets like India, unrestricted. The late comers to trade namely Germany, Italy and Japan did not have markets. France of course was an imperial power by itself. It had its colonies in Africa, North America and Asia. We learn in history that the World War I & II were about markets. Having been locked out in the markets, those countries without colonies wanted a share of these growing global markets. Today, no country will grow without exports. Of course as we know today, Japan, Germany and Italy lost the war. As a result both Japan and Germany are very shy countries. They do not want to raise their voices in international affairs lest they are misunderstood as wanting to fight again. In fact, the Japanese army was for defense alone until recently.They hardly participate in peace keeping around the globe. Both Germany and Japan don't contribute troops in the hot spots around the world for fear of being accused of militarism.  But what is amazing is that both Japan and Germany have been able to win over the hearts of consumers without firing a shot. Today the best cars are either Japanese vehicles or German vehicles. If you are looking for machinery it should either be German or Japanese. 

Visiting Leuphana University in Luneburg, one German told me in a sarcastic manner that Luneburg University was preceded by a college established in army camp by the British to re-educate the Germans. I could feel the heart in the voice that was it possible that the English could re-educate the Germans when Germany had superior production systems? Last night watching BBC in Germany, there was a debate on whether Britain should get out of the European Union (EU). By the time the debate ended, 80 percent of the people said it should. What were the reasons? The British could not accommodate German control of their lives. The proponents of the debate actually thought the EU was a dictatorship  a group of unelected people issuing orders and controlling numerous countries which were ruled by elected people. When the European Union was formed, each country had its objectives. For Germany, they wanted to be able to sell the products without hindrance to the entire Europe. The French wanted an alliance with Germans in which they were senior partners to be able to block English designs over Europe. Britain looked at the formation with suspicion. They saw a group of people who wanted to reduce British influence  The British dropped out of the Common Currency system and maintained their Pound Sterling. Today, Europe is trying to take away British financial muscle. All that is in the politics of control and being able to sell what you produce. That is the politics of integration. Today, Germany is the fourth largest economy in the world after the US, China and Japan. Britain is no. 8. France is no. 7. Britain is the 4th largest manufacturer in the world coming after China, Japan and Germany. Germany clearly controls Europe and all the troubles in Europe must be borne by Germany. It has a challenge of supporting failing states. The European Union created a boom where countries like Ireland, Spain  Portugal, Cyprus, Greece which were economically weak, rode ob credit to drive growth  When the economic boom stopped, the countries were spending more than what they could earn. This means the countries were bankrupt. To recover, they had to get out of the Euro zone and re-introduce their currencies. If this happened, the EU as an idea would be failing hence the support by Germany who are the biggest beneficiaries of the EU.  They are because they don't have to get license to export to any of these countries. Since they have good products, they will always sell. This is global politics, it is about putting bread on somebody's table. It is about who does it most efficiently or who can intimidate the other like many African countries are intimidated out of their right to export. When coupled with their inefficiency the African countries will for a long time remain poor. What do I pick from Germany, two words, hard work and discipline. My German friend who was sarcastic about the British re-educating the Germans concluded by saying the Euro will collapse, it is a matter of time and what will emerge is a much stronger Mark. 

The Skillset for today’s Board of Directors

I have served on boards of various companies for over 20 years and I have looked at corporate governance, read about it and written about it. There are always questions on what skills should a board member have. I will straight away say three important skills, but there is an emerging one that is all more important

   1)    The ability to see and interpret financials at a glance

   2)    The ability to understand people including your colleagues at the board and be able to constitute a performance team

  3)    Strategic analysis

  4)    The emerging skill is digital skills

Working with today’s students, one of the most difficult things you find is not only their lack of knowledge in financials but even the simple arithmetic skills of adding  together number let on computing simple percentages that they have been given. When you get involved with many things everyday you will need to add up a few figures, the first thing you see with young people these days is that they go blank when asked to add up a few things. Even adding up figures below a hundred it is a big problem! This means if they have to compute figures in an income statement and a balance sheet which are in billion of shillings, they will have a problem. Putting them in percentages will a worse problem, comparing several years’ figures or even relating figures in the same table will be simply be a nightmare. And what is the problem? The problem is not only hatred for numerals from a young age but also the advent of the calculator and the computer. On many boards that I have sat, over 50% of the board members do not have this knowledge and this is combined with the formal training in finance and accounting which are essential in understanding the performance and positions of an organization

Strategic analysis is the other skill that is very crucial for a board member. The environment in which organizations operate is very dynamic, understanding the environment requires analytical skills. A board member must have a broad understanding of an economy or the economies where the business operates. The ability to understand the economy is what gives the opportunity for the business to do the business itself.  The Director must also have knowledge of the specific industry where the business operates.  If one is unable to understand this industry environment and generally the environment where the business is operating, it is very likely that one will not be able to exploit the business opportunities that exist. The board member will not understand the business itself

Interestingly, to understand the environment one needs knowledge in finance, marketing, human resources, economics. This is a tall order for board members. Of course those with an MBA have the basic requirement for it but it’s not a panacea still. Having one doesn’t make you an expert in business environment. You must have paid the attention to the details of the programme. Because Board members especially of public enterprises are appointed for public reasons, many do not attempt to secure the necessary knowledge. In many cases, it is a political reward or finding something to do for a political association. In the private enterprises, the Board has very little role to play especially if the owners are very good at their business, they use the board as a rubber stamp. This is more so in small companies where shareholders are few and serve as board members and directors. The same people on the board are in management. There is therefore no need for the board. Of course for public companies with many shareholders where there is need for independent board members, it is crucial that the members have the knowledge that we are talking about.

The people skills Is required more within the board itself.  When you meet as a new board, you have to learn one another and get to be able to relate well with one another. As the knowledge and skills of each come out, members start respecting one another based on their knowledge. Later personal skills come to play when conflicts arises. Conflict may arise because of selfish interest of board members or because of inherent weaknesses members have and many other causes. As board members, there is little interaction with management therefore little worry about conflict with management which is typical when people come together.

The new skills

The skills required today in boards are digital. Notice of meeting, minutes, reminders come by mail. Anybody who has no skills in this respect will not access them. ICTs have enabled organizations to be more efficient. They can produce monthly reports. They can communicate at a click of the mouse, can share information on the economy, on the industry at any time at the click of the mouse. Can make computations from a spread sheet that will give instant analysis and there is much more that is possible with digital technology. But how many board members can word process a document, produce a worksheet, send out emails, use social media including Wikipedia and other modern digital technologies. The board member of the future must have this knowledge to succeed. How is your board fairing and how are you fairing as an individual?