Entrepreneurship Education in Higher Institutions of Learning in Uganda

By Prof. Waswa Balunywa and Diana Ntamu February 15, 2013

The Competitiveness and Investment Climate Strategy Secretariat under the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development jointly with Makerere University Business School carried out a survey of selected institutions of higher learning specifically to establish the nature of entrepreneurship programmes existent in these institutions. This report reveals the results of the exercise to help the Secretariat determine where to intervene and establish future partnerships to promote entrepreneurship and investment among young people.

1.0 Introduction

Over the last 20 years, the Uganda government has initiated policies intended to stimulate growth in the country. These have included freeing of prices, liberalization of markets, privatization and other reforms that have given free enterprise a dominant role in the economy. Indeed the Uganda economy has been growing at an average rate of 5 percent per year (Background to the Budget 2012/2013). Despite this growth, the number of people below the poverty line continues to be high. Approximately 26 percent of the population lives on less than a dollar a day. A large number of people are unemployed or are disguisedly unemployed. Over 80 percent of the Ugandan population lives in rural areas and about the same percentage is employed in agriculture yet agriculture constitutes less than 25 percent in the country’s Gross Domestic Product (Background to the Budget 2012/2013). Among the challenges the economy has is poverty and unemployment; two factors that are highly related. Unemployment results into hardships as the unemployed do not have incomes and cannot afford to get basics in life. The consequences of unemployment are social unrest, drug abuse among other societal evils. In 2011, the global adult unemployment rate was 6.0 percent while the youth unemployment rate was 12.6 percent (ILO, 2012). The unemployment rate of the youth in Uganda was 5.0 percent in 2011(UBOS, 2012).

Mainstream economics attributed economic growth to capital and labor. In the various economic growth models, it is labour and capital that determine growth and its rate. It therefore the manipulation of these factors that leads to creation of employment.  Entrepreneurship was not a factor that was considered to contribute to economic growth (Balunywa 2009, Reynolds and Makki 1981). It therefore was not a factor that would address unemployment. It is Reynolds and Makki (1981) who first explored the relationship between entrepreneurship and job creation.

The unemployment problem is not unique to Uganda. Most African economies and indeed most developing countries have a similar problem. A large number of their workforce is unemployed. Many governments worldwide are initiating policies to address the challenge of unemployment. Even among the developed countries, many are obsessed with how to reduce the unemployment problem especially among the youth. With the decline in communism and socialism, government is no longer seen as a driver of economic growth. Government plays the facilitating role through policy and infrastructural development. The private sector is being seen to play a crucial role.   

With policies that support growth in place, many governments and multilateral institutions are grappling with what they need to do to ensure that they address the challenges of unemployment and poverty. Entrepreneurship has in recent years emerged as one of the key factors to address the unemployment problem. Entrepreneurship was not considered as a major factor in the economic growth function but Joseph Schumpeter way back in the 1930s suggested that entrepreneurship was a key instigator of growth (Schumpeter, 1934).  However no attention was given to entrepreneurship until the recent years. The pioneering studies were led by Reynolds (1979) and subsequently Reynolds and Makki (1981). Reynolds was able to establish that business start-up was related to growth.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, these studies were resulted into a global study popularly known as the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) which over the years has been able to establish that a relationship exists between entrepreneurship and economic growth.  As a result of this, many countries worldwide have paid attention to entrepreneurship. In the educational institutions, entrepreneurship studies were started. Research in entrepreneurship has been intensified and short term trainings in entrepreneurship have been started and different entrepreneurship support programmes like incubators, informal skills training programmes have been started by different institutions.

2.0 Entrepreneurship Education in Uganda

Studies in entrepreneurship in Uganda were initiated in 1991 by the Faculty of Commerce at Makerere University. These were initially as an option on the Master of Business Administration (MBA) programme. The objectives of the Faculty then were to develop teachers in entrepreneurship before launching entrepreneurship studies at different levels in the university. The Faculty then recognized the need to support the growth of small businesses and also the start-up of small businesses. It was this effort that led to awareness about the need to develop entrepreneurship capacity in the country.

In 1997, the Faculty of Commerce in Makerere University started up a Small Business Development Centre which subsequently was turned into the Entrepreneurship Centre. The primary objective of the Centre was to foster the development of entrepreneurship in the country to complement the academic programmes that were being planned and started in the Faculty. The transformation of the Small Business Development Centre into an Entrepreneurship Centre was to focus on a wider picture of entrepreneurship rather than small business. Subsequently, a diploma and an undergraduate degree, Bachelor of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management were started.  The diploma was intended to give hands on experience to students to undertake business. The degree not only targeted business start-up but also managers in small businesses and policy makers. A Master’s degree in entrepreneurship was started primarily to develop teaching capacity in the subject.

In recent years, various educational institutions have started programmes of study in entrepreneurship.  Government has also been at the forefront in the promotion of entrepreneurship and launched it in primary schools and secondary schools. Today there is a subject called Entrepreneurship at the higher secondary level. Government has also launched various schemes to promote entrepreneurship the key being Enterprise Uganda which is an activity intended to train young people in business start-up. A variety of other programmes have been started by Government, the private sector and the NGO sector. Some go by the name entrepreneurship skills development, others simply business skills, and others without focusing on entrepreneurship but actually providing entrepreneurship training.

3.0    Purpose of the Study

The importance of entrepreneurship needs not to be re-emphasized. Its role in creating employment is well established and acknowledged. Its role in small and medium enterprises and indeed the large corporations is not in doubt. Its contribution to economic growth has been firmly established (GEM Uganda Report 2003, GEM UK Report, 2004). These give rise to the need to formally assess what kind of programmes are in place and possibly what needs to be done to be able to promote entrepreneurship skills in the country. This is with the view to reducing unemployment and giving incomes to people to reduce on the vulnerability among communities created by absence of incomes.

This study To establish Entrepreneurship promotion and support activities in higher institutions of learning was commissioned by the Competitiveness and Investment Climate Secretariat. The overall objective of this study was to map out the entrepreneurship development Programmes in the country and more specifically:

i)     The study sought to establish the entrepreneurship programmes that exist in the different institutions of higher learning in Uganda.

ii)    What kind of support activities are being undertaken in these institutions in Uganda.

iii)   What support can the CICS give these programmes to ensure that they are successful?

iv)   And any other information relevant to improvement of entrepreneurship development in the country.

4.0    Methodology

Research design

The research design was a survey consisting of tertiary institutions in Uganda along with several government institutions involved in higher education. A list of tertiary institutions was obtained from the National Council for Higher Education and out of 219 institutions, 71 institutions were selected including 20 universities. A total of 51 vocational institutions were surveyed.  The policy institutions included the Ministry of Education and Sports (MOES), the National Curriculum Development Centre (NCDC) and the Education Standards Agency (ESA). The questionnaire used is attached in appendix II.

Data Collection

A questionnaire was designed and agreed upon with CICS for the educational institutions. Research Assistants were sent out to the field with letters of introduction to the different institutions. The researchers introduced themselves to the heads of the institutions and requested to meet with the individuals responsible for entrepreneurship and or business studies where there were no specific entrepreneurship programmes. The individual identified was availed a questionnaire and responded to it. On return the data was analyzed using Statistical Packages for Social Scientists (SPSS).

Secondary data was collected from the Ministry of Education and Sports and the National Council for Higher Education (published documents and website).

5.0    Findings

5.1     The Education Sector in Uganda

Entrepreneurship is a recent subject which has been introduced in the Uganda curriculum in the last 20 years. It has become a very popular subject and is now being offered at the Advanced Level (‘A’ Level ) and is being introduced in the lower levels in different ways. The Uganda education system consists of the formal system from primary school to university and the vocational system which has institutions at different levels. The primary school has classes from Primary One (P.1) up to Primary Seven  (P.7). On completion of primary school, a person may proceed to secondary school or may join a vocational institution. Others drop out of the system. Ordinary secondary level has four years of study and on completion one may proceed to higher secondary level or may join a vocational institution. Some individuals drop out of the education system entirely. The higher secondary level is a two year programme and on completion, one may join the university or a vocational institution.

The education system in the country is thus divided into three phases: the primary school, the secondary school and university. This is what is called the academic route. In the vocational institutions, it is also divided into two stages; what is referred to as the technical level and the tertiary level. Uganda has 219 tertiary institutions that include 31 universities, 2 degree awarding institutions and 186 vocational and other institutions (NCHE, 2012). These institutions are supervised by the National Council of Higher Education. The study focused on these institutions. Uganda has thousands of schools both primary and secondary which are owned both by government and the private sector. It also has other vocational/technical institutions owned by government and the private sector. Our study did not focus on these institutions.   

Table I: Universities, Degree Awarding Institutions and Tertiary Institutions in Uganda

	Universities in Uganda	Other Degree Awarding Institutions	Other Tertiary Institutions in Uganda	Total	Percent
Public	7	1	50	58	26%
Private	24	1	136	161	74%
Total	31	2	186	219	100%

Source: National Council for Higher Education

The university system is three years for most of the arts subjects and 4 -5 years for most of the science subjects. The studies of entrepreneurship at university started in Makerere University Faculty of Commerce in 1991 initially as an option on the Master of Business Administration degree. Subsequently, Makerere University Business School (MUBS) introduced entrepreneurship as a degree both at the graduate and the undergraduate levels.

Study sample

We surveyed a total of 71 institutions, 20 universities and 51 other tertiary institutions in different parts of the country representing 28 percent and 72 percent respectively. The sample was selected using Krejcie and Morgan (1970).

Table II: Institutions Surveyed in the Study

	Universities	Vocational Institutions	Total	Percent
Private	13	33	46	72%
Public	5	13	18	28%
Total	18	46	64	100%

Source: Primary data

5.2  Institutions Offering Entrepreneurship Programmes

Educational programmes in the Ugandan context is a degree or a diploma which consists of various courses. Uganda‘s degree programmes as earlier stated range between 3-5 years. The arts programmes may take three years while the science programmes take 4 -5 years.  Diploma programmes are ordinarily two years and they too have several courses. Some institutions have a one year Higher Diploma pursued after an Ordinary Diploma. A standard degree programme in entrepreneurship which is taken to be arts and social sciences subjects is 3 years. This programme has numerous courses that a student offers. The following programmes are found in the list of the approved programmes in the NCHE.

Degree programmes

i.      The Bachelor of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management offered at Makerere University

ii.    The Bachelor of Entrepreneurship and Project Planning

iii.   The Bachelor of Business Administration in Entrepreneurship

Diploma and Certificate programmes

Makerere University under MUBS has a diploma and certificate programmes. These are known as the Certificate and Diploma in Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management. The Certificate Programme is a one year programme.

Table III: Universities with Entrepreneurship programmes

	With an entrepreneurship programme	Have a course unit in entrepreneurship	Without programmes	Total	Percent
Private	3	7	3	13	65%
Public	1	4	2	7	35%
Total	4	12	5	20	100%

Source: Primary data

Public universities

There are seven public universities including Makerere University Business School which actually awards Makerere University degrees but is usually listed on its own even if it is not fully a university. Of these universities, only one (1), Makerere University Business School has programmes in entrepreneurship from Certificate up to Doctoral level (PhD). All the other public universities have a course unit of entrepreneurship in a programme; diploma or degree including degrees in Economics, Business Administration and Agriculture offered by some of the students. Among the degree awarding institutions, the one surveyed does not have an entrepreneurship diploma or degree programme however it has entrepreneurship course units.

Private universities

Among the private universities surveyed, two (2) have a degree in entrepreneurship, three (3) had no programmes at all and did not teach entrepreneurship. Eight (8) have an entrepreneurship course unit in one of the years of study.

Vocational institutions

Among the vocational institutions surveyed, none had an entrepreneurship programme. 33 of them (67 percent) had some course unit of entrepreneurship in the different programmes. 16 institutions (33 percent) had no programme at all.

Table IV: Vocational Institutions with Entrepreneurship programmes

	With an entrepreneurship programme	Have a course unit in entrepreneurship	Without programmes at all	Total	Percent
Private	-	24	9	33	67%
Public	-	9	7	16	33%
Total	-	33	16	49	100%

Source: Primary data

It seems there is confusion in the definition and understanding of the word entrepreneurship studies or courses. Many respondents when asked whether they had a programme were affirmative that they had a diploma and or a certificate course. However, examining the additional information provided, these emerged to be course units within either a business diploma or a technical diploma. Some respondents mistook some technical courses like carpentry, bricklaying to actually be entrepreneurship courses.

5.3 Institutions with support activities

Support activities include an Entrepreneurship Centre, an incubator, business plan competition, investment club and such other activities that are intended to encourage students to undertake entrepreneurship activities. Entrepreneurship Centres are structures of many universities and they are intended to promote research and training. The training may be for students or open to the public but with an objective of promoting entrepreneurship among students or the general public. Incubators are also a worldwide phenomenon intended to promote entrepreneurship and also encourage growth of a business idea to overcome the challenge of failure that many businesses face especially in their early years of start-up. Investment clubs are groups of people in this case students who come together save money together and use that money to invest in a business or in shares of a business. The intention of the investment clubs is to promote savings and risk taking among the students. There are other support activities like entrepreneurship associations, SACCOs, which bring together people with a view of encouraging them to save, seek opportunities, invest and do such other things that entrepreneurs ordinarily do.

Universities with Entrepreneurship Support activities

Among the universities surveyed, only 1 of the 7 universities have support activities and only 2 of the private universities had support activities. In total, 15 percent of the universities had support activities.  It is only MUBS with a major support activity. It has an Entrepreneurship Centre, a Skills Development Programme, a business plan competition, a business creation programmes and has plans to put in place an incubator.

Table V: Universities in the Entrepreneurship Support Activities

	With support activities	Without support activities	Total	Percent
Private	2	11	13	65%
Public	1	6	7	35%
Total	3	17	20	100%

Source: Primary data

Vocational Institutions with Entrepreneurship Support activities

Among the vocational institutions, 5 out of the 15 public vocational institutions have a support activity. About 10 out of the 34 surveyed again, approximately 33 percent have support activities. In total, approximately 34 percent of the vocational institutions have some support activity.

Table VI: Vocational Institutions with support activities

	With support activities	Without support activities	Total	Percent
Private	10	24	34	69%
Public	5	10	15	31%
Total	15	34	49	100%

Source: Primary data

The support activities in these institutions mainly include business plan competitions, practical training, and entrepreneurship clubs. A further analysis in the details to promote entrepreneurship in the institutions involved the following;

5.4    Table VII: Institutions where is there a person to support entrepreneurship promotion

Do you have someone in charge of entrepreneurship promotion in the institution?	Frequency	Percent
No	39	54.9%
Yes	32	45.1%
Total	71	100.0%

       

        Source: Primary data.

 From the table, 54 percent of the institutions had no one in charge while 45 percent had a person to do this.

5.5       Table VIII:  Institutions where there was a mechanism to support an investment club or business start-up activities

			Are there mechanisms to promote investment clubs in the School?
	Vocational, technical and business colleges	Universities		Total	Percent
Yes	19	8		27	42%
No	26	12		38	58%
Total	45	20		65	100%

From  table  VIII above, 58 percent do not have any mechanism and 42 percent had mechanisms in place. The mechanisms involved includes venue for businesses, financial contribution to those who want to start a business, provision of guidance to those who want to start, workshops, seminars and public lectures on entrepreneurship promotion.

5.6          Table IX: Institutions with student driven initiatives to promote entrepreneurship

	Are there Initiatives by students to promote entrepreneurship?
	Vocational, technical and business colleges	Universities		Total	Percent
Yes	25	11		35	54%
No	21	9		30	46%
Total	46	20		66	100%

From table IX, 54 percent did not have student driven initiatives to promote entrepreneurship while, 46 percent  had these initiatives. This is where students are given an opportunity to innovate or do business exhibitions, where they invite business people to exhibit their products. Students are also given an opportunity to contest in competitions inside and outside the school and where students are also given guidance in financial and other related matters.

The researchers realize there is a problem of understanding the subject of entrepreneurship. A large number of people surveyed who were running a degree in business or economics or even a subject of economics thought they were running a programme in entrepreneurship. For instance universities indicated they had Social Work and Social Administration (SWASA) and Public Administration as a study of entrepreneurship. Another institution said they don’t teach entrepreneurship but they teach trade and business calculation. Another institution said they had a certificate course but they teach brick laying.

5.7 Government and non-government initiatives

63 percent of the institutions said there were no activities at all from government or the non-governmental sector that support entrepreneurship activities in the institutions while 37 percent said they had. These activities included primarily training of instructors.

      Table X: Government initiatives to support entrepreneurship

	Are there initiatives by government to support entrepreneurship?
	Vocational, technical and business colleges	Universities		Total	Percent
Yes	17	29		46	70%
No	1	19		20	30%
Total	18	48		66	100%

     

        Source: Primary data

5.6  Challenges faced in running the programmes among students

From the questionnaires we were able to compile the following as the challenges the institutions have in running the entrepreneurship programmes.

Poor attitudes among young people

The institutions find that the students do not have orientation towards entrepreneurship. Students want to seek employment rather than them entering entrepreneurship to create employment themselves. There is still a negative attitude towards entrepreneurship among the educated especially in the universities.

Lack of qualified trainers

Entrepreneurship is a young subject worldwide and in Uganda as noted from the data, only a few institutions offer entrepreneurship. It is only Makerere University Business School that is training entrepreneurship at Masters level and doctoral level. There has been some effort to train trainers but most of the trainees have no prior training in entrepreneurship.

Inadequate resources

Entrepreneurship programmes require some practical training and resources are not available. In the vocation institutions where practical training is undertaken the absence of entrepreneurship knowledge and trainers works as a hindrance to joining practical training with entrepreneurship skills.

Lack of government support

While entrepreneurship has been identified as key to growth, government has not put resources to where these ideas are. Government has youth funds prosperity for all, NAADS, which is the actual productive activity of entrepreneurship but has not put visible resources in the training institutions.

Limited time for practical skills

Experiential learning the process through which practical skills are imparted is time consuming and requires resources and time. Unfortunately, time is never enough to train students in practical skills to enable them get the benefits of skills development in a specific area.

Lack of entrepreneurial orientation

The various institutions involved in entrepreneurship training lack the entrepreneurial orientation necessary to drive them to start entrepreneurial activities in these institutions. Many are not clear about what entrepreneurship is.

5.7      Challenges faced by young people who want to start business

The questionnaire requested  the respondents to identify challenges faced by young people when they want to start business. Various respondents gave various challenges which are summarized below;

Inability to perceive business ideas

It was felt that the young people had a challenge of conceiving or identifying business ideas that would turn into successful startups. This was possibly limited by the environment they were in. the poverty around people, the lack of products that can be seen as substitutes and the lack of exposure makes generating ideas a difficult issue. While the desire to have young people to start business exists, the type of business to start is a challenge.

Lack of capital and poor saving habits

Among the hindrance to business startup is lack of capital. Without jobs and incomes, young people cannot have capital to do anything. Besides, a large number of these people are unbanked and therefore do not have access to financial services.  There is therefore not even other sources of finance. Related to this is savings culture. If you have no income, you have nothing to save. However, even where there are incomes, the money is not enough to save. This leads to absence of savings. This kills potential for business startup.

Lack of entrepreneurship skills and training

Entrepreneurship skills are the abilities to think about opportunities, convert them into business ideas, mobilize resources and start a business. Entrepreneurship has not been taught in schools until recently and yet many institutions do not offer it, besides skills are built over time. It is therefore evident that the young people do not have these skills and there is not enough training to support the entrepreneurship skill development.

Lack of advisory services

All forms of activities including entrepreneurship require experts to advice people to start business activities. For instance in agriculture, agricultural extension services are services where provided farmers to let them improve their farming habits. In entrepreneurship, this is not available.

Poor attitudes towards business

The socialization process in the country led to a belief that business was for the uneducated and less fortunate and successful people in society. Educated people would see their careers in terms of being employed formally especially government jobs. For the reason, the motivation to do business is low as people define success through paid employment.

Lack of government support

It was noted that there was no specific effort by government to support young people in startup and where it existed, it was not known. This includes, training in entrepreneurship, finance, availing market information and support for business development.

6.0    Conclusions and recommendations

This study sought to establish the different types of entrepreneurship programmes being run in universities and institutions of higher learning. It also sought to establish the kind of activities that are available in these institutions. It also sought to establish programmes existing in these institutions intended to support entrepreneurship activities.

In the findings, we were able to establish, among the universities there are only three universities both in the public and private universities that have entrepreneurship programmes. These are Makerere University with programmes run at Makerere University Business School, Bugema University, Uganda Christian University and Nkumba University.  Besides MUBS, no other institution has a comprehensive set of programme geared towards developing entrepreneurship capacity among students.

In other universities, there are some courses in business which were mistaken to be entrepreneurship. Entrepreneurship involves deliberate thinking of opportunities, translating these ideas into business and starting it up. There are courses like accounting, marketing, finance among others which are indeed business courses but not necessarily entrepreneurship.

In conclusion, universities in general do not have comprehensive programmes in entrepreneurship. Among the tertiary institutions, it is also evident that there are no institutions with comprehensive programmes in entrepreneurship.

7.0    Recommendations to boost entrepreneurship in institutions

      Introduction to entrepreneurship programmes in education institutions.

If entrepreneurship skills are to be introduced in the country, there is need to deliberately introduce entrepreneurship programmes in different levels in the country. For universities, this will involve appealing to them and sensitizing them to include it in their curriculum. For the other tertiary institutions, a recommendation needs to be made to the Ministry of Education to have entrepreneurship introduced in the different institutions. There is need to balance between theoretical knowledge and practical skills. For instance universities may go a little more into theoretical concepts for policy and capacity building. However they may also train individuals to be able to actually startup businesses. The tertiary institutions need to introduce more practical oriented programmes. Vocational institutions which have practical programmes may add business startup programmes to compliment the practical knowledge like bricklaying, carpentry, and plumbing among others.

Support Programmes

Entrepreneurship support programmes are crucial to sensitize students outside class and encourage them to embrace an entrepreneurial culture.  We have noted a variety of support programmes that exist in various institutions. The following are some of the activities that should be encouraged:

a)    Entrepreneurship essay competitions 

Institutions should have competitions among students to promote an entrepreneurial culture. Essay competitions are low cost activities that can tap into knowledge of the people. These can also be organized outside the education institutions. Essays can be about what is entrepreneurship, funding entrepreneurship, developing entrepreneurship and such similar topics.

b)    National business plan competitions

To create awareness at the national level, business plan competitions can be organized throughout the country. This will highlight the importance of entrepreneurship in different parts of the country and create competition among different parts of the country. This national competition will create awareness at a national level on what is going on in entrepreneurship.

c)     Incubators

Among the key activities in entrepreneurship development is support of entrepreneurs to start and grow businesses. Incubators are places to nurture business from conception to maturity. Incubators help individuals who may not have space to start businesses, who may not have offices, utilities like telephone electricity by providing the space and utilities required. Since these incubators help nurture businesses they are important in encouraging startup and growth of businesses.

d)    Saving societies

People need to be encouraged and educated about savings. Investments are driven by savings at all levels including the individual and national levels. Young people need to be sensitized about the importance of savings on a regular basis. Of course savings is putting aside part of your income and deferring it for future consumption.  Having an income is therefore important. If money is bought together in the form of savings, it can be channeled into profitable investments not necessarily by the savers but those who need it through the financial intermediation process.

e)    Short term entrepreneurship trainings

Entrepreneurship training programmes of various kinds can be conducted to create awareness about participants about start-up, business registration, marketing and other entrepreneurial and management issues. Short term trainings especially if practical training methods are used can empower young people to start their businesses and manage them.

f)     Government support

We recommend that government comes up with deliberate programmes to support entrepreneurship development in the county. Today, Enterprise Uganda, the Skilling Uganda programme in the Ministry of Education are such programmes that government has put in place and can expand and improve to encourage entrepreneurship in the country. Government has also allocated funds to support capital needs of budding entrepreneurs.

Government needs to do more in these different aspects at different levels in the country. Government needs to have an enabling economic environment through policies that support designated institutions, educational, financial and others that are addressing themselves to entrepreneurship. Government should develop policies for entrepreneurship development and identify the gaps and support these gaps in the entrepreneurship development process.

g)    Training of trainers

Entrepreneurship educators are few in the country and there is need to develop the capacity to teach entrepreneurship at different levels in different institutions. There is need to increase the number of trainers both who use practical means for training and those that impart theoretical knowledge.

APPENDIX I

Recognised Universities in Uganda

Part A: Public Universities

Code	Name of Institution	Address/ Location	Founding Body	District	Date
110001	Makerere University	P.O. Box 7062, Kampala	Government	Kampala	1922
110002	Mbarara University of Science and Technology	P.O. Box 1410, Mbarara	Government	Mbarara	1989
110003	Gulu University	P.O. Box 166, Gulu	Government	Gulu	2002
110004	Kyambogo University	P.O. Box 1, Kyambogo	Government	Kampala	2002
110005	Busitema University	P.O. Box 236, Tororo	Government	Busia	2007

Part B: Private Universities

Code	Name of Institution	Address/Location	Founding Body	District	Date
220001	Islamic University in Uganda	P.O. Box 2555,Mbale	Organization of Islamic Conference	Mbale	1988
220002	Ndejje University	P.O. Box 7088, Kampala, Ndejje Campus	Church of Uganda	Luwero	1992
220003	Uganda Martyrs University	P.O. Box 5498, Kampala, Nkozi Campus	Catholic Church	Mpigi	1993
220004	Bugema University	P.O. Box 6529, Kampala, Bugema Campus	Adventist Church	Luwero	1994
220005	Busoga University	P.O. Box 154, Iganga, Iganga Campus	Church of Uganda	Iganga	1999
220007	Nkumba University	P.O. Box 237, Entebbe, Abaita-Ababiri Campus	Private	Wakiso	1999
220008	Uganda Christian University	P.O. Box 4, Mukono, Mukono Campus	Church of Uganda	Mukono	1997
220010	Kampala University	P.O. Box 25454, Kampala, Ggaba Campus	Private	Kampala	2000
220011	Kampala International University	P.O. Box 20000, Kampala, Kansaga Campus	Private	Kampala	2001
220012	Aga Khan University	P.O. Box 8842, Kampala, Kampala Campus	Private	Kampala	2001
220014	Kumi University	P.O. Box 178, Kumi, Ngero Campus	Private	Kumi	2004
220015	Kabale University	P.O. Box 317, Kabale, Kikungiri Campus	Private	Kabale	2005
220016	Mountains of the Moon University	P.O. Box 837, Fort Portal, Fort Portal Campus	Private	Kabarole	2005
220017	African Bible University	P.O. Box 71242, Kampala, Kampala Campus	Private	Wakiso	2005
220018	Uganda Pentecostal University	P.O. Box 249, Fort Portal	Private	Kabarole	2005
220019	Fairland University	P.O. Box 2010, Jinja	Private	Jinja	2005
220020	Bishop Stuart University	P.O. Box 9, Mbarara	Private	Mbarara	2006
220021	St. Lawrence University	P.O. Box 24930, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2007
220023	Muteesa I Royal University	P.O. Box 14002	Private	Kampala	2007
220024	All Saints University, Lango	P.O. Box 6, Lira, Boroboro Hill	Private	Lira	2008
220025	International Health Sciences University	Plot 46/86 Kisugu, P.O. Box 8177, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2008
220026	African Rural University	P.O. Box 16523, Kampala,	Private	Kibaale	2011
220027	Islamic Call University College	Plot 23/25 Old Kampala	Private	Kampala	2011
220028	Livingstone International University	P.O. Box 994 Mbale	Private	Mbale	2011
220029	Cavendish University	Nsambya Plot 1469 Ggaba Road, P.O Box 33145, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2008
220030	International University of East Africa	1112/1121, Ggaba Road in Kansanga. P.O.Box 35502, Kampala.	Private	Kampala	2010
220031	Victoria University	Plt 54B, Kira Road, Email: info@vu.ac.ug	Private	Kampala	2010
220032	St. Augustine International University	P.O Box 26687, Kampala, Uganda	Private	Kampala	2011
220034	Virtual University of Uganda	Plot 425 Muyenga , Zzimwe Road , P. O. Box 70773	Private	Kampala	2011

Part C: Private University Colleges

Code	Name of Institution	Address	Founding Body	District	Date
550001	Bishop Barham University College (Constituent College of Uganda Christian University)	P.O. Box 613	Church of Uganda	Kabale	2006
550002	Kisubi Brothers University College (Constituent College of Uganda Martyrs university)	P.O.Box 182,	Catholic Church	Entebbe	2009

Part D: Public University Colleges

Code	Name of Institution	Address	Founding Body	District	Date
440001	Makerere University College of Health Sciences	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2009
440002	Makerere University College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2011
440003	Makerere University College of Business and Management Science	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2011
440004	Makerere University College of Computing and Information Sciences	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2011
440005	Makerere University College of Education and External Studies	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2011
440006	Makerere University College of Engineering, Design, Art & Technology	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2011
440007	Makerere University College of Humanities and Social Sciences	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2011
440008	Makerere University College of Natural Sciences	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2011
440009	Makerere University College of Veterinary Medicine, Animal Resource and Bio-security	P.O. Box 7062	Government	Kampala	2011

Part E: Public Other Degree Awarding Institutions

Code	Name of Institution	Address	Founding Body	District	Date
331001	Uganda Management Institute	P.O. Box 20131	Government	Kampala	1969

Part F: Private Other Degree Awarding Institution

Code	Name of Institution	Address	Founding Body	District	Date
661001	Team Institute of Business Management	P.O. Box 8128	Private	Kampala	2010

Recognized Private and Public Tertiary Institutions in Uganda

PRIVATE TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS

Code	Name of Institution	Address	Founding Body	District	Date
TI.PL.002	Pearl Crest Hospitality Training Institute	Plot 6, Kyadondo Rd, Nakasero Hill	Private	Kampala	2004
TI.PL.003	Uganda Baptist Seminary	P.O. Box 1310 Jinja	Private	Jinja	2006
TI.PL.004	Makerere Institute of Social Development	Makerere Hill	Private	Kampala	2006
TI.PL.005	Kampala Evangelical School of Theology	P.O. Box 16704, Makerere Hill, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2006
TI.PL.006	Skills Resource Centre	Plot 34, Luthuli Rise, Bugolobi P.O Box 24217, Kampala.	Private	Kampala	2006
TI.PL.008	Kabale Institute of Health Sciences	Plot 6A, Bunigo Rd, Kabale	Private	Kabale	2006
TI.PL.009	Ernest Cook Ultra Sound and Educational Centre	P.O. Box 7161, Kampala, Mengo Hospital	Private	Kampala	2006
TI.C&R0001	Makerere Business Institute	Plot 289, Sir Apollo Kaggwa Rd. P.O. Box 10325, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2006
TI.C&R0002	Multitech Business College	P.O. Box 10923, off Sir Apollo Kaggwa Rd, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2009
TI.PL.0011	Management and Accountancy Training Co. Ltd.	P.O. Box 10139, Industrial Area	Private	Kampala	2006
TI.PL.0012	The College of Professional Development	P.O. Box 10139, Jinja Rd	Private	Kampala	2007
TI.PL.0013	International School of Business and Technology	P.O. Box 28220, Ganesh Plaza	Private	Kampala	2007
TI.PL.0015	Datamine Technical Business School	P.O. Box 16399, Bat Valley Crescent	Private	Kampala	2007
TI.PL.0016	St. Joseph Polytechnic Institute	P.O. Box 9504	Private		2007
TI.PL.0017	Nyamitanga School of Business Studies	P.O. Box 150, Mbarara	Private	Mbarara	2007
TI.PL.0024	African College of Commerce	P.O. Box 301, Kabale	Private	Kabale	2007
TI.PL.0018	Uganda Institute of Bankers	P.O. Box 4986, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2008
TI.PL.0019	Nile Institute of Management Studies	P.O. Box 889, Arua	Private	Arua	2008
TI.PL.0020	Uganda Bible Institute	P.O. Box 4, Mbarara	Private	Mbarara	2008
TI.PL.0021	Ankole Western Institute of Science and Technology	P.O. Box 112, Kabwohe	Private	Bushenyi	2008
TI.PL.0022	Uganda Martyrs Seminary, Namugongo	P.O. Box 31149, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2008
TI.PL.0023	Institute of Advanced Leadership, Uganda	P.O. Box 34001, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2008
TI.PL.0025	Michelangelo College of Creative Arts	P.O. Box 7, Kisubi	Private	Entebbe	2008
TI.PL.0026	Nagenda International Academy of Art and Design	P.O. Box 29341, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2008
TI.PL.0027	Kabalega College, Masindi	Plot 1, Block 6, Buruli LVR 49	Private	Masindi	2008
TI.PL.0028	YMCA Comprehensive Institute	P.O. Box 2871, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2008
TI.PL.0029	Great Lakes Regional College	P.O. Box 48, Kanungu	Private	Kanungu	2009
TI.PL.0030	Mildmay Centre	P.O. Box 24984, Entebbe	Private	Entebbe	2009
TI.PL.0031	Medicare Health Professionals College	P.O. Box 16476, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2009
TI.PL.0032	Hospice Africa, Uganda	P.O. Box 4985, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2009
TI.PL.0033	YMCA Training Institute, Kampala	P.O. Box 2108, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2009
TI.PL.0034	Zenith Business College	P.O. Box 27736, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2010
TI.PL.0035	Mbarara Institute of Social Development	P.O. Box 793, Mbarara	Private	Mbarara	2010
TI.PL.0036	Artfield Institute of Design	P.O. Box 22095, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2010
TI.PL.0037	Gaba Bible Institute	P.O. Box 35138, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2010
TI.PL.0038	Makerere Business Training Centre	Crown House, Plot 1102, Kubiri Kawempe, Bombo Rd., P.O. Box 15333.	Private	Kampala	2011
TI.PL.0039	Jimmy Sekasi Institute of Catering	Kabalagala, Kibuli Rd., Plot 4925, P.O. Box 163, Kampala,	Private	Kampala	2011
TI.PL.0040	African International Christian Ministry Vocational Training Institute	P.O.Box 459, Kabale	Private	Kabale	2011
TI.PL.0041	Kampala International College	Jinja Road	Private	Kampala	2011
TI.PL.0042	Learnit Institute of Business & Technology	P ,O.Box 11034, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2011
TI.PL.0043	UMCAT School of Journalism and Mass Communication	Plot 171, Namirembe Bakuli , Mengo	Private	Mbale	2011
TI.PL.0044	Africa Institute of Music	P.O.Box 23155, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2011
TI.PL.0045	Buganda Royal Institute of Business and Technical Education	P.O Box 29599 Kampala	Private	Kampala	2011
TI.PL.0046	Pentecostal Theological College, Mbale	P.O.Box 149, Mbale	Private	Mbale	2011
TI.PL.0047	Global Professional Solutions, Kampala	P.O.Box 7014, Kampala	Private	Kampala	2011
TI.PL.0048	Reformed Theological College, Bunamwaya	P.O.box 11701	Private	Kampala	2011

Public Tertiary Institutions

Code	Name	Address	Date
	Agricultural Colleges, Fisheries, Forestry and Wildlife Institutions
AG.U.001	Bukalasa Agricultural College	P.O.Box 174, Wobulenzi	1956
AG.U.002	Arapai Agricultural College	P.O.Box 203, Soroti	1957
FS.U.001	Fisheries Training Institute, Entebbe	P.O.Box 124 Entebbe	1968
FT.U.001	Nyabyeya Forestry College, Masindi	Private Bag, Masindi	1948
TR.U.001	Uganda Wildlife Training Institute, Kasese	P.O Box 86 Lake Katwe	1991
	Commercial, Hotels and Cooperatives Colleges
CM.U.001	Uganda College of Commerce Aduku	P.O.Box 84, Apac	1983
CM.U.002	Uganda College of Commerce Kabale	P.O.Box 405 Kabale	1983
CM.U.003	Uganda College of Commerce Pakwach	P.O.Box 26, Pakwach	1983
CM.U.004	Uganda College of Commerce Soroti	P.O.Box 255 Soroti	1983
CM.U.005	Uganda College of Commerce Tororo	P.O.Box 311 Tororo	1984
CP.U.001	Uganda Cooperative College Kigumba	P.O.Box 10 Kigumba	1954
TR.U002	The Crested Crane Hotel and Tourism Training Centre	P.O.Box 444 Jinja	1994
MG.U.001	Management Training and Advisory Centre	P.O.Box 4655, Kampala	1965
MG.U.002	Nsamizi Training Institute of Social Devt	P.O.Box149, Mpigi	1952
BS.U.001	Makerere University Business School	Plot 118, Old Port Bell Road, Nakawa
	Communication Technology
CT.U.001	Uganda Institute of Information and Communications Technology	P.O.Box 7187 Kampala	1965
	Medical Institutions
HL.U.001	School of Hygiene, Mbale	P.O.Box 221 Mbale	1958
HL.U.002	School of Clinical Officers, Mbale	P.O.Box 1672 Mbale	1958
HL.U.003	School of Clinical Officers,Gulu	P.O.Box 994, Gulu	1984
HL.U.004	School of Clinical Officers, Fortportal	P.O.Box 724 Fortportal	1969
HL.U.005	Medical Laboratory Technician's School, Jinja	P.O.Box 1339 Jinja	1986
HL.U.006	Butabika School of Psychiatric Clinical Officers	P.O.Box 7017, Kampala	1979
HL.U.007	Masaka School of Comprehensive Nursing	P.O. Box 445 Masaka
HL.U.008	Soroti School of Comprehensive Nursing	P.O.Box 289 Soroti	1972
HL.U.009	Ophthalmic Clinical Officers Training School	P.O.Box 43 Jinja	1989
HL.U.0010	Health Tutors College Mulago	P.O.Box 5225, Kampala	1960
HL.U.0011	Public Health Nurses’ College	P.O.Box 29736, Kampala
HL.U.0012	Butabika Psychiatric Nursing School	P.O.Box 36351, Kampala
HL.U.0013	Mulago School of Nursing and Midwifery
HL.U.0014	Jinja Nursing School
HL.U.0015	Jinja School of Nursing and Midwifery	P.O.Box 43, Jinja	1962
HL.U.0016	Mulago School of Dispensing /Pharmacy	P.O. Box 34035, Kampala	1929
HL.U.0017	Mulago School of Radiography	P.O. Box 34025	1929
HL.U.0021	Mulago School of Physiotherapy	P.O. Box 34025	1929
HL.U.0022	Mulago School of Occupational Therapy	P.O. Box 34025	1929
HL.U.0023	Mulago Medical Laboratory School	P.O. Box 34025	1929
HL.U.0024	Mulago Paramedical Training Schools	P.O. Box 34025	1929
	National Teachers College
TC.U.001	National Teachers College, Mubende	P.O.Box 158 Mubende	1984
TC.U.002	National Teachers College,Kaliro	P.O.Box 65 Kaliro	1985
TC.U.003	National Teachers College,Kabale	P.O Box 425 Kabale	1984
TC.U.004	National Teachers College,Unyama	P.O.Box 541, Gulu	1984
TC.U.005	National Teachers College,Muni	P.O.Box 9, Arua	1985
	Technical College, Meteorological and Survey Institutions
TN.U.001	Uganda Technical College,Elgon	P.O.Box 940, Mbale	1931
TN.U.002	Uganda Technical College,Lira	P.O.Box 4, Lira	1945
TN.U.003	Uganda Technical College, Bushenyi	P.O.Box 81, Bushenyi	1984
TN.U.004	Uganda Technical College, Kicwamba	P.O.Box 33, Fortportal	1983
TN.U.005	Uganda Technical College, Kyema, Masindi
MT.U.001	National Meteorological Training School	P.O.Box 03, Entebbe	1990
MG.U.003	Institute of Survey and Land Management	Plot 24, Julia Ssebutinde Road, P.O. Box 89, Entebbe	1922
	Aeronautical
AE.U.001	East African School of Aviation, Soroti	P.O.Box 111, Soroti	1971

APPENDIX II

SUMMARY OF INSTITUTIONS VISITED DURING THE STUDY

Name of the Institution (public universities)	Ownership	Status	Year	No. Students
Makerere University	Public	University
Gulu University	Public	University	2002	480
Mbarara University( MUST)	Public	University	1989	100
Kyambogo University	Public	University	2003	600
Busitema University Arapai	Public	University	2007	1473
Makerere University Business School	Public		1997	12000
(Private Universities)
Cavendish University	Private	University	2008	550
UCU	Private	University	1997	350
All Saints University Lango	Private	University	2008	250
Kampala International University	Private	University	2002	600
Islamic University In Uganda	Private	University	1988	400
Uganda Martyrs University	Private	University	1993	0
Ndejje University	Private	University	1995	0
Mutesa I Royal University	Private	University	2007	37
Kabale University	Private	University	2002	210
Nkumba University	Private	University	1994	0
International University Of East Africa	Private	University	2010	8
Mountains Of The Moon University	Private	University	2005	300
Bugema University	Private	University	1994	37
Busoga University	Private	University	1999	1375

VOCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Name Of Institution (Public Vocational Institutions)	Ownership	Status	Year	No. Students
Hotel And Tourism Training Institute	Public	Vocational	1994	450
Nakawa Vocational Training Institute	Public	Vocational	1971	680
(Private Vocational Institutions)
AICM Vocational Training College Kabale	Private	Vocational	1986	353
Algebright Institute Of Electronic Technology And Management	Private	Vocational	1999	20
Ave Maria Vocational Training And Youth Dev't Centre	Private	Vocational	1984	10
Buganda Royal Institute	Private	Vocational	1999	300
C.O.U Vocational Training Institute Soroti	Private	Vocational	1989	188
Cowa Centenary Vocational Training School	Private	Vocational	1992	58
Daniel Comboni Vocational Institute	Private	Vocational	1995
Gulu Community Vocational School	Private	Vocational	1991	0
Gulu Youth Dev't Association	Private	Vocational		300
Hotel And Tourism Training Institute	Public	Vocational	1994	450
Jimmy Sekasi Institute Of Catering	Private	Vocational	1989	340
Kisubi Domestic Science Training School	Private	Vocational	1990	0
Kyamulibwa Voc. Training Masaka	Private	Vocational
Nakawa Vocational Training Institute	Public	Vocational	1971	680
Nile Vocational Institute Masaka	Private	Vocational	1997	0
Ruharo Vocational Training School	Private	Vocational	1981	118
Spear Motors Voc, Training College	Private	Vocational	1991	60
St. Jonan Luwum Vocation Training College	Private	Vocational	2010	0
UGAPRIV	Private	Vocational	1998	0
YWCA Vocational Institute	Private	Vocational	1952	300

TECHNICAL INSTITUTIONS

Name Of Institution (Public Technical’s)	Ownership	Status	Year	No. Students
Dokolo Technical School	Public	Technical	1983	0
Kabira Tech. Institute Bushenyi	Public	Technical	1984	89
Miwakulu Technical Institute	Public	Technical	2008	80
Nyamitanga Technical School	Public	Technical	1953	211
Tororo Technical Institute	Public	Technical	1985	87
(Private Technical’s)
Adwoki Technical Institute	Private	Technical	1999	0
Appropriate Rural Tech. Institute	Private	Technical	2005	0
St Joseph Technical  Institute Kisubi	Private	Technical
St. Joseph Technical Institute Virika	Private	Technical	1920
St. Joseph Technical School   Gulu	Private	Technical	1995	200

COLLEGE INSTITUTIONS

Name Of Institution (Public Colleges)	Ownership	Status	Year	No. Students
Butaesa Agric. College	Public	College		0
Mubende NTC	Public	College	1972
National Teachers College Unyama	Public	College	1984	Not Applicable
Uganda Cooperative College Kigumba	Public	College	1954	278
Uganda Technical College Lira	Public	College	1947	35
(Private Colleges)
African College Of Commerce Kabale	Private	College	1986	98
Kampala Polytechnic Mengo	Private	College	1994	340
Kitara Institute Hoima	Private	College	1999	15
Multi Tech Business School	Private	College	1990	900
Sir. Albert Cook Memorial Institute	Private	College	2002
YMCA College Of Business Jinja	Private	College	1963	600
YWCA Kampala	Private	College	1952	58

This paper is as a result of a Mapping study carried out to establish Entrepreneurship Promotion and Support Activities in Higher Institutions of Learning funded the Competitiveness and Investment Climate Strategy Secretariat, the Ministry of Finance, Planning and Economic Development.